Framing
Header
A horizontal framing member placed over a door or window opening to carry the load from above and transfer it to the trimmer studs on either side.
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In the Field
Header size depends on the span and load above. A 3-foot garage window gets a much smaller header than a 16-foot garage door. In bearing walls, headers are always required. In non-bearing walls, a single flat 2x4 may be sufficient.
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Rule of Thumb
A rough rule for double 2x lumber headers in bearing walls: double 2x6 up to 4-foot span, double 2x8 up to 5 feet, double 2x10 up to 6 feet, double 2x12 up to 8 feet. Verify with span tables for your load conditions.